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<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Locked_breech rootpage-Locked_breech skin-vector action-view skin-vector-legacy"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Locked breech</h1>
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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:P38_SR-Lock.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/P38_SR-Lock.JPG/220px-P38_SR-Lock.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/P38_SR-Lock.JPG/330px-P38_SR-Lock.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/P38_SR-Lock.JPG/440px-P38_SR-Lock.JPG 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="346" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:P38_SR-Lock.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Short Recoil Lock from Walther P38</div></div></div>
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<p><b>Locked breech</b> is the design of a breech-reloading firearm's <a href="/wiki/Action_(firearms)" title="Action (firearms)">action</a>. This is important in understanding how a self-reloading firearm works. In the simplest terms, the locked breech is one way to slow down the opening of the breech of a self-reloading firearm when fired. The source of power for the movement is <a href="/wiki/Locked_breech#Recoil" title="Locked breech">recoil</a>.
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</p>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blow-Back_firearm_operation.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Blow-Back_firearm_operation.png/220px-Blow-Back_firearm_operation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Blow-Back_firearm_operation.png/330px-Blow-Back_firearm_operation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Blow-Back_firearm_operation.png 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="504" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Blow-Back_firearm_operation.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Blowback action</div></div></div>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gas_operated_breech_with_locking_rollers.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gas_operated_breech_with_locking_rollers.jpg/220px-Gas_operated_breech_with_locking_rollers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gas_operated_breech_with_locking_rollers.jpg/330px-Gas_operated_breech_with_locking_rollers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gas_operated_breech_with_locking_rollers.jpg/440px-Gas_operated_breech_with_locking_rollers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="1940" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Gas_operated_breech_with_locking_rollers.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Roller_locked" title="Roller locked">Roller locking</a> action</div></div></div>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sig-Sauer_Short_Recoil_Locking_System.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sig-Sauer_Short_Recoil_Locking_System.png/220px-Sig-Sauer_Short_Recoil_Locking_System.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="387" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sig-Sauer_Short_Recoil_Locking_System.png/330px-Sig-Sauer_Short_Recoil_Locking_System.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Sig-Sauer_Short_Recoil_Locking_System.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="710" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sig-Sauer_Short_Recoil_Locking_System.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Sig Sauer short recoil system</div></div></div>
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<p>The principle of firing a projectile from a firearm is that when the propellant in a bullet's casing is ignited, the propellant burns quickly for a very short time. This creates a high-pressure pocket of gas that expands, pushing the projectile (bullet) out of the chamber and down the barrel of the firearm. If the high-pressure gas were not confined within certain parts of the weapon, it could damage the firearm or injure the shooter. A 'locked breech' barrel confines the high-pressure gas to the barrel, allowing the gas to expand and cool without risk of damaging weapon or shooter. Because of the pressure drop, a breech block can be opened in a self-reloading firearm due to the <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a> inertia generation by the movement of the projectile.
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</p>
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<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
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<ul>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Versus_other_types"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Versus other types</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Recoil"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Recoil</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Mechanism"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Mechanism</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Examples_of_use"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Examples of use</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Short_versus_long_recoil"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Short versus long recoil</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
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</ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Versus_other_types">Versus other types</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locked_breech&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Versus other types">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Action_(firearms)#Blowback_operation" title="Action (firearms)">Blowback</a></dt>
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<dd>This action relies on the <a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">inertia</a> of a breechblock to retard breech opening until pressures have dropped to safe levels. This is not a locked breech and works by the cartridge case push against the breech and moving while there is pressure in the chamber. The inertia of the slide/breechblock will allow the case to move immediately but not so fast that dangerous pressures escape.<sup id="cite_ref-Romance_University_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romance_University-1">[1]</a></sup></dd>
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<dt>Delayed blowback</dt>
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<dd>This action is found where recoil is light enough that a fully locked breech is not necessary. Like simple blowback, it is case movement that opens the breech. This is a more robust version of simple blowback. Sometime a spring loaded lever is used to increase the resistance inertia of the slide/breech to keep the case in the chamber long enough to be safe.<sup id="cite_ref-Romance_University_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romance_University-1">[1]</a></sup></dd>
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<dt>Locked breech</dt>
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<dd>This action is used when the pressure in the chamber is high enough that the opening of the breech would occur too rapidly with simple or delayed blowback which could cause weapons damage or human injury. The breechblock is "locked" into the barrel. At the point of firing the inertia pushes the barrel and slide/breechblock backwards together for a certain distance. This type of action utilizes the inertia of the locked together slide/breech and barrel so that its inertia prevents movement too quickly. The locking mechanism will disengage after a certain amount of travel at which time the pressures will have dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-Romance_University_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romance_University-1">[1]</a></sup></dd></dl>
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<p>The main difference is that there is a very strong lock in the locked breech action where the blowback systems rely on the inertia of components to provide safe operation. The type of action used by a firearms designer will be determined by the design goal inherent for that firearm. The three actions described are increasingly more expensive to manufacture.
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recoil">Recoil</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locked_breech&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Recoil">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">Recoil</a></div>
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<p>Recoil is described by <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_third_law_of_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton's third law of motion">Newton's third law of motion</a>, which states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> This force is felt in the hand or on the shoulder when a person fires a handgun or a rifle. It takes the form of a quick sharp push away from the path the bullet is flying in and directly against the hand or shoulder of the shooter.
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Mechanism">Mechanism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locked_breech&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mechanism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Short-Recoil_Lock.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Short-Recoil_Lock.JPG/220px-Short-Recoil_Lock.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Short-Recoil_Lock.JPG/330px-Short-Recoil_Lock.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Short-Recoil_Lock.JPG/440px-Short-Recoil_Lock.JPG 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="446" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Short-Recoil_Lock.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>I:<span class="nowrap"> </span>Petter-Browning; II:<span class="nowrap"> </span>CZ 75; III:<span class="nowrap"> </span>HK USP; IV:<span class="nowrap"> </span>Glock (Sig Sauer System)</div></div></div>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Beretta950JetfireandClip-Open.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Beretta950JetfireandClip-Open.jpg/220px-Beretta950JetfireandClip-Open.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Beretta950JetfireandClip-Open.jpg/330px-Beretta950JetfireandClip-Open.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Beretta950JetfireandClip-Open.jpg/440px-Beretta950JetfireandClip-Open.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Beretta950JetfireandClip-Open.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Beretta 950 tilting barrel</div></div></div>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Beretta_PX4_Storm_rotating_barrel_lock.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Beretta_PX4_Storm_rotating_barrel_lock.JPG/220px-Beretta_PX4_Storm_rotating_barrel_lock.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Beretta_PX4_Storm_rotating_barrel_lock.JPG/330px-Beretta_PX4_Storm_rotating_barrel_lock.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Beretta_PX4_Storm_rotating_barrel_lock.JPG/440px-Beretta_PX4_Storm_rotating_barrel_lock.JPG 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="758" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Beretta_PX4_Storm_rotating_barrel_lock.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Beretta PX 4 Rotary locking barrel</div></div></div>
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<p>The locked breech systems in handguns and rifle vary significantly. The photograph showing four handgun barrels illustrates the evolution of handgun locked breech systems in four of the most famous firearms. This is from the <a href="/wiki/Browning_Hi-Power" title="Browning Hi-Power">Browning Hi-Power</a> (I in the photograph), John Browning's last design. The second barrel is of the same action type in the <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A1_zbrojovka_Uhersk%C3%BD_Brod" title="Česká zbrojovka Uherský Brod">CZ</a> model <a href="/wiki/CZ_75" title="CZ 75">75</a> handgun. The third barrel type is from an <a href="/wiki/HK_USP" class="mw-redirect" title="HK USP">HK USP</a> pistol. The fourth barrel is from a Glock (which uses the <a href="/wiki/Sig_Sauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sig Sauer">Sig Sauer</a> system).
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</p>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Begin-unlock.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Begin-unlock.jpg/220px-Begin-unlock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Begin-unlock.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="308" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Begin-unlock.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>CZ model 52 roller locking system</div></div></div>
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<p>The photograph on the right is of a different type of locking system. This one is the Beretta Rotary locking system found in their PX Four Storm handgun. The next photograph on the left is of the CZ model 52 showing a roller locking system. Some sources describe this as a delayed blowback action but it is actually a locked breech.
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Examples_of_use">Examples of use</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locked_breech&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples of use">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>In the late 19th century, firearms makers learned how to use this mechanical force to create "self-loading" weapons, whether they were in artillery, rifles, shotguns, or handguns. The lower-powered calibers such as .22 caliber <a href="/wiki/Rimfire_ammunition" title="Rimfire ammunition">rimfire</a>, (example gun) <a href="/wiki/Walther_P22" title="Walther P22">Walther P22 .22 Rimfire handgun</a> were able to self-load using the energy produced by the .22 rimfire cartridges which simply blew the action open to reload a new cartridge. (This is called <b>simple blowback</b>.)
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</p><p>As cartridges grew in size and power the amount of recoil in the chamber increased. The energy created by larger and higher pressure cartridges, such as <a href="/wiki/9%C3%9719mm_Parabellum" title="9×19mm Parabellum">9×19mm Parabellum</a> pistol cartridge, results in violent movement of the gun's action.
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</p><p>In the case of simple blowback (and delayed blowback) the changes needed for a firearm to be able to control the higher amount of inertia and higher chamber pressures resulted in firearms design changes. Some designers handled this problem by making the moving parts of the firearm heavier and the strength of the recoil spring much greater. Firearms such as the <a href="/wiki/.25_ACP" title=".25 ACP">.25 ACP</a> Beretta SB950, take a great deal of force to chamber a round. Beretta solved this problem with a tilting barrel which allowed loading without having to pull the slide to the rear.
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</p><p>Gun makers developed ways to keep the actions from opening too soon by "locking" the breech closed. Using this technique a firearm, such as the Colt .45 ACP Government model handgun was made which featured a grooved barrel and a grooved slide which were cammed together to prevent the breech from opening. The camming mechanism "locked" the breech closed until the entire barrel and slide assembly had moved far enough that the pressure in the chamber was low enough to safely unlock the breech during the process of ejecting the spent casing which was followed by loading a new loaded cartridge.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> (This is called locked breech.)
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</p>
|
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Short_versus_long_recoil">Short versus long recoil</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locked_breech&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Short versus long recoil">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||
<p>Firearms that are physically small, such as handguns, use a system of recoil referred to as <a href="/wiki/Short_recoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Short recoil">short recoil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Romance_University_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romance_University-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> This is adequate for the smaller calibers. In large firearms such as the Browning M2HB .50 caliber machine gun a similar system called <a href="/wiki/Long_recoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Long recoil">long recoil</a> is used. The difference is how far the breech moves after a shot is fired.<sup id="cite_ref-Romance_University_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romance_University-1">[1]</a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>Locked recoil systems rely on timing to allow safe operation. A very heavy bolt mechanism can be used (such as in sub-machineguns) to slow the rate of movement and reduce the rate of fire.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> This is not adequate with higher velocity and higher energy cartridges. Rifles and most handguns use locked breech designs to control recoil safely.
|
||
</p><p>The amount of mass of the components, the strength of springs,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> and the distance the barrel and slide are allowed to recoil is carefully calculated and tested to ensure safety.
|
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</p>
|
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locked_breech&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
|
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
|
||
<li id="cite_note-Romance_University-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Romance_University_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romance_University_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romance_University_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romance_University_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romance_University_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFBecke_Martin_Davis2014" class="citation web cs1">Becke Martin Davis (May 23, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romanceuniversity.org/2014/05/23/how-automatic-pistols-really-work-by-adam-firestone/">"How "Automatic" Pistols Really Work by Adam Firestone"</a>. <i>Romance University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Romance+University&rft.atitle=How+%22Automatic%22+Pistols+Really+Work+by+Adam+Firestone&rft.date=2014-05-23&rft.au=Becke+Martin+Davis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fromanceuniversity.org%2F2014%2F05%2F23%2Fhow-automatic-pistols-really-work-by-adam-firestone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocked+breech" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/newton3laws.html">"Newton's Three Laws of Motion"</a>. <i>utk.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=utk.edu&rft.atitle=Newton%27s+Three+Laws+of+Motion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsep10.phys.utk.edu%2Fastr161%2Flect%2Fhistory%2Fnewton3laws.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocked+breech" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rkba.org/guns/principles/operating-systems/short-recoil.html">"Principles of Firearms -- Operating Systems -- Short Recoil"</a>. <i>rkba.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rkba.org&rft.atitle=Principles+of+Firearms+--+Operating+Systems+--+Short+Recoil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frkba.org%2Fguns%2Fprinciples%2Foperating-systems%2Fshort-recoil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocked+breech" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFThe_Editor2010" class="citation web cs1">The Editor (7 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firearmshistory.blogspot.com/2010/09/actions-recoil-action-short-recoil.html">"Firearms History, Technology & Development: Actions: Recoil Action: Short Recoil Operation"</a>. <i>firearmshistory.blogspot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=firearmshistory.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=Firearms+History%2C+Technology+%26+Development%3A+Actions%3A+Recoil+Action%3A+Short+Recoil+Operation&rft.date=2010-09-07&rft.au=The+Editor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffirearmshistory.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F09%2Factions-recoil-action-short-recoil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocked+breech" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryfactory.com/smallarms/detail.asp?smallarms_id=501">"MP38 (Maschinenpistole 38) - Development and Operational History, Performance Specifications and Picture Gallery"</a>. <i>militaryfactory.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=militaryfactory.com&rft.atitle=MP38+%28Maschinenpistole+38%29+-+Development+and+Operational+History%2C+Performance+Specifications+and+Picture+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militaryfactory.com%2Fsmallarms%2Fdetail.asp%3Fsmallarms_id%3D501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocked+breech" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shootingtimes.com/gunsmithing/recoil-spring-rate-affects-timing/">"How Recoil Spring Rate Affects Timing - Shooting Times"</a>. <i>shootingtimes.com</i>. 7 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shootingtimes.com&rft.atitle=How+Recoil+Spring+Rate+Affects+Timing+-+Shooting+Times&rft.date=2015-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shootingtimes.com%2Fgunsmithing%2Frecoil-spring-rate-affects-timing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocked+breech" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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