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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nasal bilabial click</h1>
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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1080760640">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Nasal bilabial velar click</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ŋ͡ʘ</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ᵑʘ</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ʘ̃</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Audio sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data center"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Bilabial_nasal_click.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Bilabial_nasal_click.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (86 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="85798" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Bilabial_nasal_click.ogg/Bilabial_nasal_click.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-title="MP3" data-shorttitle="MP3" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="140352" /></audio>
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<div><small><a href="/wiki/File:Bilabial_nasal_click.ogg" title="File:Bilabial nasal click.ogg">source</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">help</a></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1080760640"/><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;"><span class="nowrap">Nasal bilabial uvular click</span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ɴ͡ʘ</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ᶰʘ</span></span></th></tr></tbody></table>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_click" title="Bilabial click">Bilabial click</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">nasal click</a></div>
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<p>The <b>bilabial nasal click</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">click consonant</a> found in some of the languages of southern Africa. The symbol in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> that represents this sound is ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ʘ̃</span>⟩ or ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ᵑʘ</span>⟩.
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<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
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<ul>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Features"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Features</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Occurrence"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Occurrence</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Glottalized_bilabial_nasal_click"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Glottalized bilabial nasal click</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Features">Features</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_bilabial_click&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>Features of the bilabial nasal click:
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</p>
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<ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">lingual ingressive</a> (also known as velaric ingressive), which means a pocket of air trapped between two closures is rarefied by a "sucking" action of the tongue, rather than being moved by the <a href="/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">glottis</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>. The release of the forward closure produces the "click" sound. Voiced and nasal clicks have a simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Egressive_sound" title="Egressive sound">pulmonic egressive</a> airstream.</li>
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<li>Its <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial</a>, which means it is articulated with both <a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">lips</a>.</li>
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<li>Its <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.</li>
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<li>It is a <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasal</a> consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (<a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal stops</a>) or in addition to through the mouth.</li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Occurrence">Occurrence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_bilabial_click&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>Bilabial nasal clicks only occur in the <a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kx%27a_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kx'a languages">Kx'a</a> families of southern Africa, in the Australian ritual language <a href="/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a>, and for /mw/ in some of the languages neighboring Shona, such as at least for some speakers of <a href="/wiki/Ndau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndau language">Ndau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonga language (Zambia)">Tonga</a>.
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</p>
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<table class="wikitable">
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<tbody><tr>
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<th>Language</th>
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<th>Word</th>
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<th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th>
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<th>Meaning
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</th></tr>
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<tr>
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<td><a href="/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a></td>
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<td><i><b>m!</b>ii</i></td>
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<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ʘ̃iː]</span></td>
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<td>'vegetable'
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td><a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga</a></td>
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<td><i>ku<b>m</b>wa</i></td>
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<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[kʼuʘ̃wa]</span></td>
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<td>'to drink'
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td><a href="/wiki/Ndau_dialect" title="Ndau dialect">Ndau</a></td>
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<td><i><b>m</b>wana</i></td>
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<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ʘ̃wana]</span></td>
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<td>'child'
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</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Glottalized_bilabial_nasal_click">Glottalized bilabial nasal click</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_bilabial_click&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Glottalized bilabial nasal click">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1080760640"/><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Glottalized <br />bilabial nasal click</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ʘ̃ˀ <br />ʘ̃͜ʔ</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ᵑʘˀ <br />ᵑ̊ʘˀ</span></span></th></tr></tbody></table>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glottalized_click" title="Glottalized click">Glottalized click</a></div>
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<p>The Tuu and Kx'a languages also have glottalized nasal clicks. These are formed by closing the <a href="/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">glottis</a> so that the click is pronounced in silence; however, any preceding vowel will be nasalized.
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</p>
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<table class="wikitable">
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<tbody><tr>
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<th>Language</th>
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<th>Word</th>
|
||
<th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th>
|
||
<th>Meaning
|
||
</th></tr>
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</tbody></table>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_bilabial_click&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(chart)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_navigation" title="Template:IPA navigation"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IPA_navigation" title="Template talk:IPA navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:IPA_navigation&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(chart)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">chart</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="IPA_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">IPA topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IPA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Voice_Quality_Symbols" title="Voice Quality Symbols">Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association" title="Journal of the International Phonetic Association"><i>Journal of the IPA</i> (<i>JIPA</i>)</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_forms_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Cursive forms of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Cursive forms</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Case_variants_of_IPA_letters" title="Case variants of IPA letters">Case variants</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet">Obsolete and nonstandard symbols</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Naming conventions</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinological extensions</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Orthography" title="World Orthography">World Orthography</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">IPA chart for English dialects</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Encodings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_ASCII_encodings_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet">ASCII encodings</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAMPA" title="SAMPA">SAMPA</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum">Kirshenbaum</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/TIPA_(software)" title="TIPA (software)">TIPA</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">Phonetic symbols in Unicode</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA Braille</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio charts <img alt="Audio content icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/16px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Audio content icon" width="16" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/24px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/32px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio">vowel chart</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/IPA_pulmonic_consonants_chart_with_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA pulmonic consonants chart with audio">pulmonic consonants chart</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/IPA_non-pulmonic_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA non-pulmonic consonant chart with audio">non-pulmonic consonant chart</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Consonants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant" title="Pulmonic consonant">Pulmonic consonants</a></b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1069987179">.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-captioned{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background:#f8f9fa;padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-caption{padding:0.2em;text-align:center;background:#f2f2ce}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-table{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-table .wraplinks .selflink{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th:not(.IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow)[scope="col"]{text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;max-width:4em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th:not(.IPA-pulmonic-placearrow)[scope="row"]{text-align:left;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable td{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable:not(.IPA-common-audiotable) td:not([colspan]){text-align:center;max-width:1.2em;min-width:1.2em;padding:0.1em 0.2em;font-size:125%}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-audiotable td{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-noleftborder{border-left:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-norightborder{border-right:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notopborder{border-top:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-nobottomborder{border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-shaded{background-color:#ddd}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes{text-align:left;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes>div{float:right}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes>div ul{white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes>div ul li{word-spacing:-0.125em}</style>
|
||
<table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<tbody><tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049671">.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-placearrow{border-bottom:none;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow{border-top:none;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom}.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(even),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(9):not(.IPA-common-rightborder),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(11):not(.IPA-common-rightborder){border-right:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(odd),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(10):not(.IPA-common-leftborder),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(12):not(.IPA-common-leftborder){border-left:none}</style>
|
||
<table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable IPA-pulmonic-main" style="">
|
||
<tbody><tr>
|
||
<th scope="row" class="IPA-pulmonic-placearrow"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place</a> →
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a>
|
||
</th></tr>
|
||
<tr class="wrap wraplinks">
|
||
<th scope="col" class="IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow"><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a> ↓
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bi­labial</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labio­dental</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguo­labial</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post­alveolar</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retro­flex</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a>
|
||
</th></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_nasal" title="Voiced linguolabial nasal">n̼</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiceless retroflex nasal">ɳ̊</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_nasal" title="Voiceless palatal nasal">ɲ̊</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiceless labiodental plosive">p̪</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiced labiodental plosive">b̪</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiceless linguolabial plosive">t̼</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiced linguolabial plosive">d̼</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_plosive" title="Epiglottal plosive">ʡ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t̠ʃ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d̠ʒ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">ʈʂ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">ɖʐ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row">Non-sibilant affricate
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiceless bilabial affricate">pɸ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiced bilabial affricate">bβ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiceless labiodental affricate">p̪f</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiced labiodental affricate">b̪v</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate">t̪θ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate">d̪ð</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate">tɹ̝̊</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate">dɹ̝</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">t̠ɹ̠̊˔</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">d̠ɹ̠˔</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal affricate">cç</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_affricate" title="Voiced palatal affricate">ɟʝ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_affricate" title="Voiceless velar affricate">kx</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_affricate" title="Voiced velar affricate">ɡɣ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">qχ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_affricate" title="Voiced uvular affricate">ɢʁ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiced epiglottal affricate">ʡʢ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_affricate" title="Voiceless glottal affricate">ʔh</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row">Sibilant <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row">Non-sibilant fricative
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiceless linguolabial fricative">θ̼</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiced linguolabial fricative">ð̼</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-rightborder IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">θ̠</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative">ð̠</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠̊˔</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠˔</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ˔</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-notopborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-notopborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-notopborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-notopborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-notopborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-notopborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-notopborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Creaky-voiced_glottal_approximant" title="Creaky-voiced glottal approximant">ʔ̞</a></span>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_flap" title="Voiced bilabial flap">ⱱ̟</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_flap" title="Voiced labiodental flap">ⱱ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced linguolabial tap">ɾ̼</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar tap">ɾ̥</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar tap">ɾ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex flap">ɽ̊</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_tap_and_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvular tap and flap">ɢ̆</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_tap" title="Voiced epiglottal tap">ʡ̆</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_trill" title="Voiceless bilabial trill">ʙ̥</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_trill" title="Voiced bilabial trill">ʙ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_trill" title="Voiceless retroflex trill">ɽ̊r̥</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_trill" title="Voiced retroflex trill">ɽr</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_trill" title="Voiceless uvular trill">ʀ̥</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiceless epiglottal trill">ʜ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">ʢ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">tɬ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar lateral affricate">dɮ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate">ʈɭ̊˔</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex lateral affricate">ɖɭ˔</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal lateral affricate">cʎ̝̊</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced palatal lateral affricate">ɟʎ̝</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless velar lateral affricate">kʟ̝̊</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced velar lateral affricate">ɡʟ̝</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row">Lateral fricative
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative">ɭ̊˔</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex lateral fricative">ɭ˔</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal lateral fricative">ʎ̝̊</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced palatal lateral fricative">ʎ̝</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless velar lateral fricative">ʟ̝̊</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced velar lateral fricative">ʟ̝</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row">Lateral approximant
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced uvular lateral approximant">ʟ̠</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row">Lateral tap/flap
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral flap">ɺ̥</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral flap">ɺ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral flap">ɭ̥̆</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">ɭ̆</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_flap" title="Voiced palatal lateral flap">ʎ̆</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_tap" title="Voiced velar lateral tap">ʟ̆</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-notes">
|
||
<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/IPA_pulmonic_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA pulmonic consonant chart with audio"><img alt="Loudspeaker.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a href="/wiki/IPA_pulmonic_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA pulmonic consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Symbols to the right in a cell are <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>, to the left are <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a>. <span style="display: inline-block;">Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.</span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="nowrap"><div style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 2em;"><b>Non-pulmonic consonants</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1069987179"/>
|
||
<table role="presentation" class="" style="">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<tbody><tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable" style="">
|
||
|
||
<tbody><tr class="wrap wraplinks">
|
||
<th colspan="2">
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant"><abbr title="Bilabial">BL</abbr></a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant"><abbr title="Labiodental">LD</abbr></a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant"><abbr title="Dental">D</abbr></a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant"><abbr title="Alveolar">A</abbr></a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant"><abbr title="Postalveolar">PA</abbr></a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant"><abbr title="Retroflex">RF</abbr></a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant"><abbr title="Palatal">P</abbr></a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant"><abbr title="Velar">V</abbr></a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant"><abbr title="Uvular">U</abbr></a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant"><abbr title="Epiglottal">EG</abbr></a>
|
||
</th></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Stop</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-norightborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_stop" title="Retroflex ejective stop">ʈʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_ejective_stop" title="Palatal ejective stop">cʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_ejective" title="Epiglottal ejective">ʡʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_affricate" title="Dental ejective affricate">t̪θʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t̠ʃʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_affricate" title="Retroflex ejective affricate">ʈʂʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_affricate" title="Velar ejective affricate">kxʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular ejective affricate">qχʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_fricative" title="Bilabial ejective fricative">ɸʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_fricative" title="Labiodental ejective fricative">fʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_fricative" title="Dental ejective fricative">θʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Palato-alveolar ejective fricative">ʃʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_fricative" title="Retroflex ejective fricative">ʂʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective fricative">ɕʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_fricative" title="Velar ejective fricative">xʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_fricative" title="Uvular ejective fricative">χʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-norightborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Palatal lateral ejective affricate">cʎ̝̊ʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Velar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Velar lateral ejective affricate">kʟ̝̊ʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row">Lateral fricative
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-norightborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a><br />(top: velar;<br />bottom: uvular)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_bilabial_click" title="Tenuis bilabial click">kʘ<br />qʘ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_dental_click" title="Tenuis dental click">kǀ<br />qǀ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_click" title="Tenuis alveolar click">kǃ<br />qǃ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_retroflex_click" title="Tenuis retroflex click">k‼<br />q‼</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_palatal_click" title="Tenuis palatal click">kǂ<br />qǂ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_click" title="Voiced bilabial click">ɡʘ<br />ɢʘ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_click" title="Voiced dental click">ɡǀ<br />ɢǀ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_click" title="Voiced alveolar click">ɡǃ<br />ɢǃ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_click" title="Voiced retroflex click">ɡ‼<br />ɢ‼</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_click" title="Voiced palatal click">ɡǂ<br />ɢǂ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">Nasal</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal click">ŋʘ<br />ɴʘ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal click">ŋǀ<br />ɴǀ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal click">ŋǃ<br />ɴǃ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex nasal click">ŋ‼<br />ɴ‼</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal click">ŋǂ<br />ɴǂ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Back-released_velar_click" title="Back-released velar click">ʞ</a></span><br /> 
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row">Tenuis <a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">lateral</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-norightborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">kǁ<br />qǁ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row">Voiced lateral
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-norightborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral click">ɡǁ<br />ɢǁ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row">Nasal lateral
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-norightborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral nasal click">ŋǁ<br />ɴǁ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-shaded">
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="row">Voiced
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-norightborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiced retroflex implosive">ᶑ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ɠ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_implosive" title="Voiced uvular implosive">ʛ</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiceless bilabial implosive">ɓ̥</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-norightborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_implosive" title="Voiceless alveolar implosive">ɗ̥</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-noleftborder">
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiceless retroflex implosive">ᶑ̊</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_implosive" title="Voiceless palatal implosive">ʄ̊</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_implosive" title="Voiceless velar implosive">ɠ̊</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_implosive" title="Voiceless uvular implosive">ʛ̥</a></span>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-notes">
|
||
<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/IPA_non-pulmonic_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA non-pulmonic consonant chart with audio"><img alt="Loudspeaker.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a href="/wiki/IPA_non-pulmonic_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA non-pulmonic consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_non-pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="display: inline-block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Co-articulated_consonant" title="Co-articulated consonant">Co-articulated consonants</a></b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1069987179"/>
|
||
<table role="presentation" class="" style="">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<tbody><tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r942788658">.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-nocaption{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.2em 0.4em;background:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-main{text-align:left;padding:0 0.4em;line-height:2}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-main>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-sect,.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-desc{margin-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-symbol,.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-desc{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-symbol{padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;font-size:125%;width:1.25em}</style><div class="nowrap IPA-coarticulated-main IPA-coarticulated-nocaption" style="">
|
||
<div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">n͡m</span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–velar nasal">ŋ͡m</a></span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">t͡p</span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">d͡b</span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">k͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">ɡ͡b</a></span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular–epiglottal plosive">q͡ʡ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a></div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–palatal fricative">ɥ̊</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labial–palatal</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ɧ</span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound"><i>Sj</i>-sound</a> (variable)</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> approximant</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarized</a> alveolar</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="IPA-common-notes">
|
||
<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_co-articulated_consonants" title="Template:IPA co-articulated consonants">template</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
|
||
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Nasal labial–velar approximant">Nasal labial–velar approximant</a> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[w̃]</span></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">Nasal palatal approximant</a> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[j̃]</span></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bidental_fricative" title="Voiceless bidental fricative">Voiceless bidental fricative</a> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[h̪͆]</span></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabially_post-trilled_dental_stop" title="Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop">Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop</a> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[t̪ʙ̥]</span></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_nasal_glottal_approximant" title="Voiceless nasal glottal approximant">Voiceless nasal glottal approximant</a> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[h̃]</span></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vowels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1069987179"/>
|
||
<table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<tbody><tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r942782604">.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-noaudio{background:#f8f9fa url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/320px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png")bottom 10%right 10%no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-audio{background:#f8f9fa url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/600px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png")bottom 10%right 10%no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main{table-layout:fixed;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-nocaption{border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main th{vertical-align:middle;background:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main th[scope="col"]{text-align:center;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main th[scope="row"]{text-align:right;padding-left:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-main td{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-noaudio td{width:106.67px;min-width:106.67px;height:32px}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-audio td{width:200px;min-width:200px;height:60px}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-minorcaption{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container{display:flex;justify-content:center;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-dot{text-align:center;width:1em;background:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-left{max-width:1em;min-width:1em;direction:rtl;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-left>span{padding-left:0.2em;background:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-right{max-width:1em;min-width:1em;direction:ltr;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-right>span{padding-right:0.2em;background:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .IPA-vowels-container-single{padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;background:#f8f9fa}</style>
|
||
<table class="nowrap IPA-vowels-main IPA-vowels-nocaption IPA-vowels-noaudio" style="">
|
||
<tbody><tr>
|
||
<th>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a>
|
||
</th></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); transform: translate(-26px, 8px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); transform: translate(-26px, 8px);"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); transform: translate(-26px, 8px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span></span></div></div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); transform: translate(-6px, 8px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span></span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); transform: translate(-6px, 8px);"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); transform: translate(-6px, 8px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a></span></span></div></div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 8px); transform: translate(13px, 8px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span></span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 8px); transform: translate(13px, 8px);"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 8px); transform: translate(13px, 8px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></span></div></div>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(30px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(30px, 6px); transform: translate(30px, 6px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(30px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(30px, 6px); transform: translate(30px, 6px);"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(30px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(30px, 6px); transform: translate(30px, 6px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></span></span></div></div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); transform: translate(-22px, 6px);"></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); transform: translate(-22px, 6px);"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); transform: translate(-22px, 6px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span></span></div></div>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(14px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(14px, 4px); transform: translate(14px, 4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(14px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(14px, 4px); transform: translate(14px, 4px);"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(14px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(14px, 4px); transform: translate(14px, 4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span></span></div></div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(12px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(12px, 4px); transform: translate(12px, 4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a></span></span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(12px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(12px, 4px); transform: translate(12px, 4px);"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(12px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(12px, 4px); transform: translate(12px, 4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a></span></span></div></div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 4px); transform: translate(13px, 4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span></span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 4px); transform: translate(13px, 4px);"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 4px); transform: translate(13px, 4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></span></div></div>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(37px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(37px, 2px); transform: translate(37px, 2px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></span></span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(37px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(37px, 2px); transform: translate(37px, 2px);"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(37px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(37px, 2px); transform: translate(37px, 2px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Mid front rounded vowel">ø̞</a></span></span></div></div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-single" style="-ms-transform: translate(25px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(25px, 2px); transform: translate(25px, 2px);"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></div></div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 2px); transform: translate(13px, 2px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ̞</a></span></span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 2px); transform: translate(13px, 2px);"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 2px); transform: translate(13px, 2px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a></span></span></div></div>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(59px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(59px, 0px); transform: translate(59px, 0px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(59px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(59px, 0px); transform: translate(59px, 0px);"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(59px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(59px, 0px); transform: translate(59px, 0px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span></span></div></div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(34px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(34px, 0px); transform: translate(34px, 0px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a></span></span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(34px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(34px, 0px); transform: translate(34px, 0px);"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(34px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(34px, 0px); transform: translate(34px, 0px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ</a></span></span></div></div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 0px); transform: translate(13px, 0px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span></span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 0px); transform: translate(13px, 0px);"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(13px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 0px); transform: translate(13px, 0px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span></span></div></div>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-ms-transform: translate(80px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(80px, -2px); transform: translate(80px, -2px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span></span></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-ms-transform: translate(80px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(80px, -2px); transform: translate(80px, -2px);"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div>
|
||
<div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(80px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(80px, -2px); transform: translate(80px, -2px);"></div></div>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-single" style="-ms-transform: translate(46px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(46px, -2px); transform: translate(46px, -2px);"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span></div></div>
|
||
</td>
|
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|
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|
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<div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-ms-transform: translate(102px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(102px, -4px); transform: translate(102px, -4px);"><span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">ɶ</a></span></span></div></div>
|
||
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|
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|
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