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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Biogeology</h1>
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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study of the interactions between the Earth's biosphere and the lithosphere</div>
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<p><b>Biogeology</b> is the study of the interactions between the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-darwin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-darwin-1">[1]</a></sup>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:177px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyrite_foolsgold.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pyrite_foolsgold.jpg/175px-Pyrite_foolsgold.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="134" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pyrite_foolsgold.jpg/263px-Pyrite_foolsgold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pyrite_foolsgold.jpg/350px-Pyrite_foolsgold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="614" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyrite_foolsgold.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Pyrite</div></div></div>
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<p>Biogeology examines <a href="/wiki/Biotic_material" title="Biotic material">biotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrologic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial ecoregion">terrestrial</a> systems in relation to each other, to help understand the Earth's climate, oceans, and other effects on geologic systems.<sup id="cite_ref-ucsb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucsb-2">[2]</a></sup>
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</p><p>For example, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> are responsible for the formation of some <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a>, and can concentrate economically important <a href="/wiki/Metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Metals">metals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>. Bacteria are also responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical composition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, which affects <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> rates of <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a>.
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</p><p>Prior to the late <a href="/wiki/Devonian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonian period">Devonian period</a>, there was little plant life beyond <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a>. At this time large <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular plants">vascular plants</a> evolved, growing up to 30 meters (98 ft 5.1 in) in height. These large plants changed the atmosphere, and altered the composition of the <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> by increasing the amount of <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>. This helped prevent the soil being washed away through <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedology_(soil_study)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedology (soil study)">Pedology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
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<li id="cite_note-darwin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-darwin_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFDarwin_Center_for_Biogeology2007" class="citation web cs1">Darwin Center for Biogeology (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwincenter.nl/">"Darwin Center for Biogeology"</a>. Darwin Center for Biogeology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Darwin+Center+for+Biogeology&rft.pub=Darwin+Center+for+Biogeology&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Darwin+Center+for+Biogeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwincenter.nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiogeology" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</li>
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<li id="cite_note-ucsb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ucsb_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFUCSB_Geology2007" class="citation web cs1">UCSB Geology (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810223337/http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/Research/TopicsInfo/Biogeology.html">"Biogeology research at UCSB"</a>. UCSB Geology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/Research/TopicsInfo/Biogeology.html">the original</a> on August 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biogeology+research+at+UCSB&rft.pub=UCSB+Geology&rft.date=2007&rft.au=UCSB+Geology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geol.ucsb.edu%2FResearch%2FTopicsInfo%2FBiogeology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiogeology" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biominerals.paleo.pan.pl/index.html">Biogeology department at the Institute of Paleobiology</a>.</li>
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/">American Geophysical Union (AGU)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research" title="Journal of Geophysical Research">Journal of Geophysical Research</a></li>
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/journals/jg/">(JGR) - Biogeosciences</a></li>
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egu.cateu/">European Geosciences Union (EGU)</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biogeosciences.net/">Biogeosciences (BG)</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiology" title="Aerobiology">Aerobiology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li>
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<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biogeology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Biohistory" title="Biohistory">Biohistory</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Mathematical biology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Protistology" title="Protistology">Protistology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum biology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Virophysics" title="Virophysics">Virophysics</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Xenobiology" title="Xenobiology">Xenobiology</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">Timeline of biology and organic chemistry</a></li></ul>
|
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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
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<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geology" title="Template:Geology"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geology" title="Template talk:Geology"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Geology&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geology" title="Outline of geology">Outline of geology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_geology" title="Glossary of geology">Glossary of geology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">History of geology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_geology_articles" title="Index of geology articles">Index of geology articles</a></li></ul>
|
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</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="image"><img alt="WikiProject Geology.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/50px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/75px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/100px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="307" /></a><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">History of geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_geology" title="Timeline of geology">Timeline of geology</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Сomposition and structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">Mineralogy</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentology" title="Sedimentology">Sedimentology</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_geology" title="Historical geology">Historical geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">Stratigraphy</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeogeography</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_geology" title="Structural geology">Structural geology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics" title="Geodynamics">Geodynamics</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Volcanology" title="Volcanology">Volcanology</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">Hydrogeology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">Marine geology</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li>
|
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|
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<li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_survey" title="Geophysical survey">Geophysical survey</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="/wiki/Tectonophysics" title="Tectonophysics">Tectonophysics</a></li></ul>
|
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
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<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biogeology</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geology" title="Economic geology">Economic geology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_geology" title="Engineering geology">Engineering geology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_geology" title="Environmental geology">Environmental geology</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">Planetary geology</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_modelling" title="Geologic modelling">Geologic modelling</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_geology" title="Forensic geology">Forensic geology</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_geophysics" title="Forensic geophysics">Forensic geophysics</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="/wiki/Mining_geology" title="Mining geology">Mining geology</a></li></ul>
|
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">Geologist</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_geologist" title="Petroleum geologist">Petroleum geologist</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="/wiki/Volcanologist" title="Volcanologist">Volcanologist</a></li></ul>
|
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</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div>
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<ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology" title="Category:Geology">Geology</a></b></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="image" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></b></li>
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