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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Unsprung mass</h1>
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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unsprung_mass&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Unsprung+mass%22">"Unsprung mass"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Unsprung+mass%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&q=%22Unsprung+mass%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Unsprung+mass%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Unsprung+mass%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Unsprung+mass%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Car_diagram.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Car_diagram.jpg/300px-Car_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="139" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Car_diagram.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="189" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Car_diagram.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>In this simplified diagram the wheels, tires, and suspension are all part of the vehicle's unsprung weight, with only its one-piece chassis/body constituting its sprung weight</div></div></div>
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<p>The <b>unsprung mass</b> (colloquially <b>unsprung weight</b>) of a <a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicle</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">suspension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">wheels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">tracks</a> (as applicable), and other components directly connected to them. This contrasts with the <a href="/wiki/Sprung_mass" title="Sprung mass">sprung mass</a> (or weight) supported by the suspension, which includes the body and other components within or attached to it. Components of the unsprung mass include the wheel <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axles</a>, wheel <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearings</a>, wheel hubs, <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tires</a>, and a portion of the weight of <a href="/wiki/Driveshaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Driveshaft">driveshafts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shock_absorber" title="Shock absorber">shock absorbers</a>, and suspension links. <a href="/wiki/Brake" title="Brake">Brakes</a> that are mounted <a href="/wiki/Inboard_brake" title="Inboard brake">inboard</a> (i.e. as on the drive shaft, and not part of the wheel or its hub) are part of a vehicle's sprung mass.
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<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
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<ul>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Effects"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Effects</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Unsprung_mass_and_vehicle_design"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Unsprung mass and vehicle design</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Effects">Effects</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsprung_mass&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Effects">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>The unsprung mass of a typical wheel/tire combination represents a trade-off between the pair's bump-absorbing/road-tracking ability and vibration isolation. Bumps and surface imperfections in the road cause tire compression, inducing a force on the unsprung mass. The unsprung mass then reacts to this force with movement of its own. The motion amplitude for small duration and amplitude bumps is inversely proportional to the weight. A lighter wheel which readily rebounds from road bumps will have more grip and more constant grip when tracking over an imperfect road. For this reason, lighter wheels are sought especially for high-performance applications. However, the lighter wheel will soak up less vibration. The irregularities of the road surface will transfer to the cabin through the suspension and hence <a href="/wiki/Ride_quality" title="Ride quality">ride quality</a> and road noise are worse. For longer duration bumps that the wheels follow, greater unsprung mass causes more energy to be absorbed by the wheels and makes the ride worse.
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</p><p>Pneumatic or elastic tires help by restoring some spring to the (otherwise) unsprung mass, but the damping possible from tire flexibility is limited by considerations of fuel economy and overheating. The shock absorbers, if any, also damp the spring motion and must be less stiff than would optimally damp the wheel bounce. So the wheels still vibrate after each bump before coming to rest. On dirt roads and on some softly paved roads, the induced motion generates small bumps, known as corrugations, <a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">washboarding</a> or "corduroy" because they resemble smaller versions of the bumps in roads made of logs. These cause sustained wheel bounce in subsequent axles, enlarging the bumps.
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</p><p>High unsprung mass also exacerbates wheel control issues under hard acceleration or braking. If the vehicle does not have adequate wheel location in the vertical plane (such as a <a href="/wiki/Rear-wheel_drive" title="Rear-wheel drive">rear-wheel drive</a> car with <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_drive" title="Hotchkiss drive">Hotchkiss drive</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Live_axle" class="mw-redirect" title="Live axle">live axle</a> supported by simple <a href="/wiki/Leaf_spring" title="Leaf spring">leaf springs</a>), vertical forces exerted by acceleration or hard braking combined with high unsprung mass can lead to severe wheel hop, compromising traction and steering control.
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</p><p>A beneficial effect of unsprung mass is that high frequency road irregularities, such as the gravel in an asphalt or concrete road surface, are isolated from the body more completely because the tires and springs act as separate <a href="/wiki/Electronic_filter" title="Electronic filter">filter</a> stages, with the unsprung mass tending to uncouple them.
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Likewise, sound and vibration isolation is improved (at the expense of handling), in production automobiles, by the use of rubber bushings between the frame and suspension, by any flexibility in the frame or body work, and by the flexibility of the seats.
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Unsprung_mass_and_vehicle_design">Unsprung mass and vehicle design</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsprung_mass&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Unsprung mass and vehicle design">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>Unsprung mass is a consideration in the design of a vehicle's suspension and the materials chosen for its components. <a href="/wiki/Beam_axle" title="Beam axle">Beam axle</a> suspensions, in which wheels on opposite sides are connected as a rigid unit, generally have greater unsprung mass than <a href="/wiki/Independent_suspension" title="Independent suspension">independent suspension</a> systems, in which the wheels are suspended and allowed to move separately. Heavy components such as the <a href="/wiki/Differential_(mechanical_device)" title="Differential (mechanical device)">differential</a> can be made part of the sprung mass by connecting them directly to the body (as in a <a href="/wiki/De_Dion_tube" title="De Dion tube">de Dion tube</a> rear suspension). Lightweight materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a>, and/or hollow components can provide further weight reductions at the expense of greater cost and/or fragility.
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</p><p>The term 'unsprung mass' was coined by the mathematician Albert Healey of the <a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Pneumatic_Tyre_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Company">Dunlop tyre company</a>. He presented one of the first lectures taking a rigid analytical approach to suspension design, 'The Tyre as a part of the Suspension System' to the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Automobile_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Institution of Automobile Engineers">Institution of Automobile Engineers</a> in November 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> This lecture was published as a 100-page paper.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
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</p><p><a href="/wiki/Inboard_brake" title="Inboard brake">Inboard brakes</a> can significantly reduce unsprung mass, but put more load on half axles and (constant velocity) <a href="/wiki/Universal_joint" title="Universal joint">universal joints</a>, and require space that may not be easily accommodated. If located next to a differential or transaxle, <a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">waste heat</a> from the brakes may overheat the differential or vice versa, particularly in hard use, such as racing. They also make anti-dive suspension characteristics harder to achieve because the moment created by braking does not act on the suspension arms.
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</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chapman_strut" title="Chapman strut">Chapman strut</a> used the driveshafts as suspension arms, thus requiring only the weight of one component rather than two. <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_independent_rear_suspension" title="Jaguar independent rear suspension">Jaguar's patented independent rear suspension</a> (IRS) similarly reduced unsprung mass by replacing the upper wishbone arms of the suspension with the drive shafts, as well as mounting the brakes inboard in some versions.
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</p><p><a href="/wiki/Motor_scooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor scooter">Scooter</a>-type motorcycles use an integrated engine-gearbox-final drive system that pivots as part of the rear suspension and hence is partly unsprung. This arrangement is linked to the use of quite small wheels, further affecting their poor reputation for road-holding.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsprung_mass&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sprung_mass" title="Sprung mass">Sprung mass</a></li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsprung_mass&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFTompkins1981" class="citation book cs1">Tompkins, Eric (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofpneumat0000tomp/page/55">"9: The Beginnings of Tyre Science"</a>. <i>The History of the Pneumatic Tyre</i>. Dunlop Archive Project. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofpneumat0000tomp/page/55">55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903214-14-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-903214-14-8"><bdi>0-903214-14-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9%3A+The+Beginnings+of+Tyre+Science&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Pneumatic+Tyre&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Dunlop+Archive+Project&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-903214-14-8&rft.aulast=Tompkins&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofpneumat0000tomp%2Fpage%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsprung+mass" class="Z3988"></span></span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHealey1925" class="citation journal cs1">Healey, Albert 3 (1925). "The Tyre as a part of the Suspension System". <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Automobile_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Institution of Automobile Engineers">Proc. Inst.</a></i> London: <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Automobile_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Institution of Automobile Engineers">Institution of Automobile Engineers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Inst.&rft.atitle=The+Tyre+as+a+part+of+the+Suspension+System&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Healey&rft.aufirst=Albert+3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsprung+mass" class="Z3988"></span></span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol></div></div>
|
||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsprung_mass&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Automotive_handling" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automotive_handling" title="Template:Automotive handling"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automotive_handling" title="Template talk:Automotive handling"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Automotive_handling&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Automotive_handling" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Automotive handling</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_handling" title="Automobile handling">Car handling</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">Center of mass</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Downforce" title="Downforce">Downforce</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_(motorsport)" title="Drifting (motorsport)">Drifting</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_stability_control" title="Electronic stability control">Electronic Stability Control</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Fishtailing" title="Fishtailing">Fishtailing</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Inboard_brake" title="Inboard brake">Inboard brake</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Understeer_and_oversteer" title="Understeer and oversteer">Oversteer</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Steering" title="Steering">Steering</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">Suspension</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tire / Tyre</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Transaxle" title="Transaxle">Transaxle</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Understeer_and_oversteer" title="Understeer and oversteer">Understeer</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unsprung mass</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_dynamics" title="Vehicle dynamics">Vehicle dynamics</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Weight_transfer" title="Weight transfer">Weight transfer</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">Spring</a> types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coil_spring" title="Coil spring">Coil</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_spring" title="Leaf spring">Leaf</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_suspension" title="Air suspension">Pneumatic</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_spring" title="Torsion spring">Torsion</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">Suspension</a> types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_axle" title="Beam axle">Beam axle</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/De_Dion_tube" title="De Dion tube">De Dion tube</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semi-independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twist-beam_rear_suspension" title="Twist-beam rear suspension">Twist beam</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Independent_suspension" title="Independent suspension">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_wishbone_suspension" title="Double wishbone suspension">Double wishbone</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Jaguar_independent_rear_suspension" title="Jaguar independent rear suspension">Jaguar IRS</a>)</small></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Dubonnet_suspension" title="Dubonnet suspension">Dubonnet</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/MacPherson_strut" title="MacPherson strut">MacPherson strut</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Chapman_strut" title="Chapman strut">Chapman strut</a>)</small></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Multi-link_suspension" title="Multi-link suspension">Multi-link</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_pillar_suspension" title="Sliding pillar suspension">Sliding pillar</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Swing_axle" title="Swing axle">Swing axle</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Trailing arm">Trailing arm</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Semi-trailing_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-trailing arm">Semi-trailing arm</a>)</small></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Powertrain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Powertrain" title="Template:Powertrain"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Powertrain" title="Template talk:Powertrain"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Powertrain&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Powertrain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Powertrain">Powertrain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Part_of_the_Automobile_series"><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_engine" title="Automotive engine">Automotive engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a>)</li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Petrol engine</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_steam_road_vehicles" title="History of steam road vehicles">Steam engine</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">Transmission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission" title="Automatic transmission">Automatic transmission</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Chain_drive#Automobiles" title="Chain drive">Chain drive</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Direct-drive_mechanism" title="Direct-drive mechanism">Direct-drive</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">Clutch</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Constant-velocity_joint" title="Constant-velocity joint">Constant-velocity joint</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission" title="Continuously variable transmission">Continuously variable transmission</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Coupling" title="Coupling">Coupling</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Differential_(mechanical_device)" title="Differential (mechanical device)">Differential</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Direct-shift_gearbox" title="Direct-shift gearbox">Direct-shift gearbox</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Drive_shaft" title="Drive shaft">Drive shaft</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Dual-clutch_transmission" title="Dual-clutch transmission">Dual-clutch transmission</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheel</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Automated_manual_transmission" title="Automated manual transmission">Automated manual transmission</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Electrorheological_clutch" title="Electrorheological clutch">Electrorheological clutch</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing" title="Epicyclic gearing">Epicyclic gearing</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_coupling" title="Fluid coupling">Fluid coupling</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Friction_drive" title="Friction drive">Friction drive</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Gear_stick" title="Gear stick">Gearshift</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Giubo" title="Giubo">Giubo</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_drive" title="Hotchkiss drive">Hotchkiss drive</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Limited-slip_differential" title="Limited-slip differential">Limited-slip differential</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Locking_differential" title="Locking differential">Locking differential</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">Manual transmission</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Manumatic" title="Manumatic">Manumatic</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Parking_pawl" title="Parking pawl">Parking pawl</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Park_by_wire" title="Park by wire">Park-by-wire</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Preselector_gearbox" title="Preselector gearbox">Preselector gearbox</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_transmission" title="Semi-automatic transmission">Semi-automatic transmission</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Shift-by-wire" title="Shift-by-wire">Shift-by-wire</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Torque_converter" title="Torque converter">Torque converter</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Transaxle" title="Transaxle">Transaxle</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_control_unit" title="Transmission control unit">Transmission control unit</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Universal_joint" title="Universal joint">Universal joint</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wheels and tires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_hub_assembly" title="Wheel hub assembly">Wheel hub assembly</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rim_(wheel)" title="Rim (wheel)">Rim</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Alloy_wheel" title="Alloy wheel">Alloy wheel</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Hubcap" title="Hubcap">Hubcap</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tire</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Off-road_tire" title="Off-road tire">Off-road</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Racing_slick" title="Racing slick">Racing slick</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Radial_tire" title="Radial tire">Radial</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Rain_tyre" title="Rain tyre">Rain</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Run-flat_tire" title="Run-flat tire">Run-flat</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Snow_tire" title="Snow tire">Snow</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Spare_tire" title="Spare tire">Spare</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Tubeless_tire" title="Tubeless tire">Tubeless</a></li></ul></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain" title="Hybrid vehicle drivetrain">Hybrid vehicle drivetrain</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">Electric generator</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Alternator" title="Alternator">Alternator</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
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