518 lines
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Vendored
518 lines
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<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cairo_Gang rootpage-Cairo_Gang skin-vector action-view skin-vector-legacy"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cairo Gang</h1>
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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British secret agents sent to snoop on IRA leaders during the Irish War of Independence</div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"The Cairo Gang" redirects here. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/The_Cairo_Gang_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cairo Gang (band)">The Cairo Gang (band)</a>.</div>
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<p class="mw-empty-elt">
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</p><p>The <b>Cairo Gang</b> was a group of British intelligence agents who were sent to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> to conduct intelligence operations against prominent members of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) with, according to Irish intelligence, the intention of assassinating them. Twelve men, including <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> officers, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary" title="Royal Irish Constabulary">Royal Irish Constabulary</a> officers and a civilian informant, were killed on the morning of 21 November 1920 by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a>, in a planned series of simultaneous early-morning strikes engineered by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a>. The events were the first killings of <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1920)" title="Bloody Sunday (1920)">Bloody Sunday</a>.
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</p><p><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pat_Coogan" title="Tim Pat Coogan">Tim Pat Coogan</a>'s biography of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a> asserts that the "nom de guerre" of the British unit derived from a common history of service in the Middle East,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> but that is disputed by some Irish historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Conor_Cruise_O%27Brien" title="Conor Cruise O'Brien">Conor Cruise O'Brien</a>, and it has been suggested that they received the name because they often held meetings at Cafe Cairo, at 59 Grafton Street in Dublin. Earlier books on the 1919–1923 period do not refer to the Cairo Gang by that name.
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</p>
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<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
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<ul>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Assassinations"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Assassinations</span></a>
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<ul>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#28_Pembroke_Street_Upper"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">28 Pembroke Street Upper</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#117_Morehampton_Road"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">117 Morehampton Road</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#92_Lower_Baggot_Street"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">92 Lower Baggot Street</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#38_Upper_Mount_Street"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">38 Upper Mount Street</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#28_Earlsfort_Terrace"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">28 Earlsfort Terrace</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#22_Lower_Mount_Street"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">22 Lower Mount Street</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#119_Baggot_Street"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">119 Baggot Street</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Gresham_Hotel"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Gresham Hotel</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Fitzwilliam_Square"><span class="tocnumber">2.9</span> <span class="toctext">Fitzwilliam Square</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Eastwood_Hotel"><span class="tocnumber">2.10</span> <span class="toctext">Eastwood Hotel</span></a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Fatalities"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Fatalities</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Aftermath</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#The_Igoe_Gang"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">The Igoe Gang</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Gang&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>By 1920, the IRA's Dublin headquarters, under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a>, had, through targeted assassination and intelligence penetration, effectively eliminated the G Division of the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Metropolitan_Police" title="Dublin Metropolitan Police">Dublin Metropolitan Police</a>, previously the mainstay of the Crown's intelligence operations against Irish Republicans. In response, the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle_administration_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Castle administration in Ireland">Dublin Castle administration</a>, at that time the headquarters of the British government in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, were forced to look for external intelligence support.
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</p><p>In January 1920, the British Army Intelligence Centre in Ireland formed a special plain-clothes unit of 18 to 20 demobilised ex-army officers, and some officers still on active duty, to conduct clandestine operations against the IRA. The officers received training in London, most likely under the supervision of Special Branch, which had been part of Britain's Directorate of Home Intelligence since February 1919. They may also have received some training from <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> officers and former officers working for Special Branch. Army Centre in Dublin hoped these officers could eventually be divided up and deployed to the provinces to support its 5th and 6th Division intelligence staff, but it decided to keep the unit in Dublin, at the Dublin District Division, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Boyd_(British_Army_officer)" title="Gerald Boyd (British Army officer)">General Gerald Boyd</a>. It was known officially as the Dublin District Special Branch (DDSB) and also as "D Branch". In May 1920, Lieutenant Colonel Walter Wilson arrived in Dublin to take command of D Branch.
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</p><p>Following the events of Bloody Sunday, 21 November 1920, when twelve D Branch officers were assassinated by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a>, D Branch was transferred to the command of Brigadier-General Sir <a href="/wiki/Ormonde_Winter" title="Ormonde Winter">Ormonde Winter</a> in January 1921. Winter had been placed in charge of a new police intelligence unit, the Combined Intelligence Service, in May 1920, and his charter was to set up a central intelligence clearing house to more effectively collate and coordinate army and police intelligence. Those members of D Branch who survived Bloody Sunday were very unhappy to be transferred from army command to CIS command and, for the next six months, until the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_July_1921" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce of July 1921">Truce of July 1921</a>, D Branch continued to maintain regular contact with Army Intelligence Centre while undertaking missions for Winter's CIS.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_gang.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cairo_gang.jpg/250px-Cairo_gang.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cairo_gang.jpg/375px-Cairo_gang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cairo_gang.jpg/500px-Cairo_gang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="695" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_gang.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A photo purportedly of the Cairo Gang, but more probably the <a href="/wiki/Igoe_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Igoe Gang">Igoe Gang</a></div></div></div>
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<p>The famous photograph, that is purported to show members of the Cairo Gang, is lodged in the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Ireland" title="National Library of Ireland">National Library of Ireland</a> photographic archive <a href="/wiki/Piaras_B%C3%A9asla%C3%AD" title="Piaras Béaslaí">Piaras Béaslaí</a> collection (five copies). An inscription describes the men as "the special gang F company Auxiliaries". The men in the photo are numbered, but there are no names or details on the back of the photos. Three other photos in the collection show Auxiliaries posing on vehicles in the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a>. Those three photos are similarly numbered.
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</p><p>The IRA Intelligence Department (IRAID) was receiving information from numerous well-placed sources, including <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Mernin" title="Elizabeth Mernin">Lily Mernin</a>, who was the confidential code clerk for British Army Intelligence Centre in Parkgate Street, and Sergeant Jerry Mannix, stationed in <a href="/wiki/Donnybrook,_Dublin" title="Donnybrook, Dublin">Donnybrook</a>. Mannix provided the IRAID with a list of names and addresses of all the members of the Cairo Gang. In addition, Michael Collins' case officers on the intelligence staff — <a href="/wiki/Liam_Tobin" title="Liam Tobin">Liam Tobin</a>, Tom Cullen and Frank Thornton — were meeting with several D Branch officers nightly, pretending to be informers. Another IRA penetration source, participating in the nightly repartee with the D Branch men at Cafe Cairo, Rabiatti's Saloon, and Kidds Back Pub, was Detective Constable <a href="/wiki/David_Neligan" title="David Neligan">David Neligan</a>, one of people Michael Collins had organised to penetrate <a href="/wiki/G-Division" class="mw-redirect" title="G-Division">G-Division</a>, the secret detectives of the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Metropolitan_Police" title="Dublin Metropolitan Police">Dublin Metropolitan Police</a>. Additionally, the IRA had co-opted most of the Irish servants who worked in the rooming houses where the D Branch officers lived, and all of their comings and goings were meticulously recorded by servants and reported to Collins' staff.
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</p><p>All the members of the Gang were kept under surveillance for several weeks, and intelligence was gathered from sympathisers, for example, who was coming home at strange hours, thereby indicating that they were being allowed through the <a href="/wiki/British_army" class="mw-redirect" title="British army">military</a> <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a>. The IRA Dublin Brigade and the IRAID then pooled their resources and intelligence to draw up their own hit list of suspected Gang members, and set the date for the assassinations to be carried out as <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Timeline of the Irish War of Independence">21 November 1920</a>, at 9:00 am.
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Assassinations">Assassinations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Gang&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Assassinations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>The operation was planned by several senior IRA members, including Michael Collins, <a href="/wiki/Dick_McKee" title="Dick McKee">Dick McKee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liam_Tobin" title="Liam Tobin">Liam Tobin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peadar_Clancy" title="Peadar Clancy">Peadar Clancy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom_Cullen_(Irish_nationalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tom Cullen (Irish nationalist) (page does not exist)">Tom Cullen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Thornton_(Irish_nationalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Thornton (Irish nationalist) (page does not exist)">Frank Thornton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Traynor" title="Oscar Traynor">Oscar Traynor</a>. The killings were planned to coincide with a <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> match between <a href="/wiki/Dublin_GAA" title="Dublin GAA">Dublin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tipperary_GAA" title="Tipperary GAA">Tipperary</a>, because the large crowds around Dublin would allow the members of Collins' <a href="/wiki/The_Squad_(IRA_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Squad (IRA unit)">Squad</a> to move about more easily, and make it more difficult for the British to detect them before and after they carried out the assassinations.
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</p><p>Clancy and McKee were picked up by Crown forces on the evening of Saturday, 20 November. They were tortured and later shot dead "while trying to escape". Tortured and killed with them was Conor Clune, the nephew of Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Clune" title="Patrick Clune">Clune</a> of <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth, Western Australia">Perth</a>, who had been senior chaplain to the Catholic members of the <a href="/wiki/First_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="First Australian Imperial Force">Australian Imperial Force</a> in World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Clune was manager of the seed and plant nursery owned by <a href="/wiki/Edward_MacLysaght" title="Edward MacLysaght">Edward MacLysaght</a> near Quin, and Clune and MacLysaght travelled to Dublin on the morning of Saturday, 20 November 1920, bringing with him the books of the Raheen Co-op for its annual audit. Clune was arrested in a raid on Vaughan's Hotel in Dublin, where he was a registered guest.
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</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="28_Pembroke_Street_Upper">28 Pembroke Street Upper</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Gang&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 28 Pembroke Street Upper">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p>The operation began at 9:00 am, when members of the Squad entered 28 Pembroke Street. The first British agents to die were Major Charles Milne Cholmeley Dowling<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> and Captain Leonard Price.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andy_Cooney" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy Cooney">Andy Cooney</a> of the Dublin Brigade removed documents from their rooms.
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</p><p>Three more members of the Gang were shot in the same house: Captain Brian Christopher Headlam Keenlyside, Colonel Wilfrid Woodcock, and Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Montgomery_(Royal_Marines_officer)" title="Hugh Montgomery (Royal Marines officer)">Hugh Montgomery</a>. Woodcock was not connected with intelligence and had walked into a confrontation on the first floor of the Pembroke Street house as he was preparing to leave to command a regimental parade at army headquarters. He was in his military uniform and, when he shouted to warn the other five British officers living in the house, he was shot in the shoulder and back, but survived. As Keenlyside was about to be shot, a struggle ensued between his wife and Mick O'Hanlon. The leader of the unit, Mick Flanagan, arrived, pushed Mrs Keenlyside out of the way and shot her husband.
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</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="117_Morehampton_Road">117 Morehampton Road</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Gang&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 117 Morehampton Road">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p>At 117 <a href="/wiki/Morehampton_Road,_Dublin" title="Morehampton Road, Dublin">Morehampton Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donnybrook,_Dublin" title="Donnybrook, Dublin">Donnybrook</a>, 2.3 km from the scene of the first shootings, another member of the Cairo Gang, Lieutenant Donald Lewis MacLean,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> along with suspected informer T.H. Smith and MacLean's brother-in-law, John Caldow, were taken into the hallway and about to be shot, when MacLean asked that they not be shot in front of his wife. The three were taken to an unused bedroom and shot. Caldow survived his wounds and fled to his home in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.
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</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="92_Lower_Baggot_Street">92 Lower Baggot Street</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Gang&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 92 Lower Baggot Street">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p>Just 800 metres away, at 92 Lower Baggot Street, another Gang member, Captain William Frederick Newberry,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> and his wife, heard their front door come crashing down and blockaded themselves into their bedroom. Newberry rushed for his window to try to escape but was shot while climbing out by Bill Stapleton and Joe Leonard, after they finally broke the door down.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="38_Upper_Mount_Street">38 Upper Mount Street</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Gang&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 38 Upper Mount Street">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p>Two key members of the Gang, Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ashmun_Ames" title="Peter Ashmun Ames">Peter Ashmun Ames</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> and Captain George Bennett,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> were made to stand facing the wall on a bed in a downstairs rear bedroom and shot by <a href="/wiki/Vinny_Byrne" title="Vinny Byrne">Vinny Byrne</a> and others in his squad. A maid had let the attackers into 38 Upper Mount Street and indicated, at gunpoint, the rooms occupied by the two targeted men. Despite many accounts to the contrary, Byrne was not involved in the killings in Morehampton Road that morning.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="28_Earlsfort_Terrace">28 Earlsfort Terrace</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Gang&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 28 Earlsfort Terrace">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p>Sergeant John J Fitzgerald,<sup id="cite_ref-Royal_Irish_Constabulary_Roll_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Irish_Constabulary_Roll-12">[12]</a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary" title="Royal Irish Constabulary">Royal Irish Constabulary</a>, also known as "Captain Fitzgerald" or "Captain Fitzpatrick", whose father was from <a href="/wiki/County_Tipperary" title="County Tipperary">County Tipperary</a>, was killed a kilometre away at 28 <a href="/wiki/Earlsfort_Terrace" title="Earlsfort Terrace">Earlsfort Terrace</a>. He had survived a previous assassination attempt when a bullet grazed his head. This time he was shot twice in the head. The documents found in his house detailed the movements of senior IRA members.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="22_Lower_Mount_Street">22 Lower Mount Street</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Gang&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 22 Lower Mount Street">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p>An IRA unit led by Tom Keogh entered 22 Lower Mount Street to kill Lieutenant Henry Angliss, <i>alias</i> Patrick Mahon,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> and Lieutenant Charles Ratsch Peel. The two intelligence specialists in the Gang, Angliss and Peel, had been recalled from Russia to organise British intelligence operations in the South Dublin area. Angliss had survived a previous assassination attempt when he had been shot at in a billiard hall. He was targeted for killing <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> fundraiser John Lynch, mistaken for <a href="/wiki/Liam_Lynch_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liam Lynch (general)">General Liam Lynch</a>, Divisional Commandant of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Southern_Division,_IRA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Southern Division, IRA (page does not exist)">1st Southern Division, IRA</a>. Angliss was shot as he reached for his gun.
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</p><p>Peel, hearing the shots, managed to block his bedroom door and survived even though more than a dozen bullets were fired into his room. When members of <a href="/wiki/Fianna_%C3%89ireann" title="Fianna Éireann">Fianna Éireann</a>, who were on lookout, reported that the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Division" title="Auxiliary Division">Auxiliary Division</a> were approaching the house, the unit of eleven men split up into two groups, the first leaving by the front door, the second through the laneway at the back of the house.
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</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="119_Baggot_Street">119 Baggot Street</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Gang&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 119 Baggot Street">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p>At 119 Baggot Street, a three-man unit killed Captain Geoffrey Thomas Baggallay,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> a barrister who had been employed as a prosecutor under the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Order_in_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920">Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920</a> regulations,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> and who had been a member of military courts that sentenced IRA volunteers to death.
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</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Gresham_Hotel">Gresham Hotel</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Gang&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gresham Hotel">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p>Captain Patrick McCormack and Lieutenant Leonard Wilde were in the <a href="/wiki/Gresham_Hotel" title="Gresham Hotel">Gresham Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_Street" title="O'Connell Street">O'Connell Street</a>. The IRA unit gained access to their rooms by pretending to be British soldiers with important dispatches. When the men opened their doors they were shot and killed. A listing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> for McCormack and Wilde does not indicate any rank for the latter — in fact he was a discharged army officer who had been a British consul in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> McCormack's killing was a mistake. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_Veterinary_Corps" title="Royal Army Veterinary Corps">Royal Army Veterinary Corps</a> and was in Ireland to buy horses for the British Army. He was shot in bed and Collins himself later acknowledged the error. Unlike the other British officers, McCormack, a Catholic from <a href="/wiki/Castlebar" title="Castlebar">Castlebar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> was buried in Ireland, at <a href="/wiki/Glasnevin_Cemetery" title="Glasnevin Cemetery">Glasnevin Cemetery</a>, Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fitzwilliam_Square">Fitzwilliam Square</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Gang&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fitzwilliam Square">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p>Captain John Scott Crawford, in charge of motor repair of the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_Service_Corps" title="Royal Army Service Corps">Army Service Corps</a>, narrowly escaped death after the IRA entered a guesthouse in Fitzwilliam Square where he was staying, looking for a Major Callaghan. On not finding their target, they debated whether or not to shoot Crawford. They decided not to shoot him because he was not on their list. Instead, they gave him 24 hours to leave Ireland, although the major left Ireland in no hurry despite that close call.
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</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Eastwood_Hotel">Eastwood Hotel</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Gang&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Eastwood Hotel">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p>In the Eastwood Hotel at 91 Lower <a href="/wiki/Leeson_Street" title="Leeson Street">Leeson Street</a>, the IRA failed to find their target, Captain Thomas Jennings. Other targets who escaped were Captain Jocelyn Hardy<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> and Major William Lorraine King, a colleague of Hardy who was missing when Joe Dolan burst into King's room. According to the prim <a href="/wiki/Todd_Andrews" title="Todd Andrews">Todd Andrews</a>, Dolan took revenge by giving King's half-naked mistress "a right <a href="/wiki/Scourging" class="mw-redirect" title="Scourging">scourging</a> with a sword scabbard", and setting fire to the room afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Major Frank Murray Maxwell Hallowell Carew, an intelligence officer who, with Captain Price, had almost cornered <a href="/wiki/3rd_Tipperary_Brigade" title="3rd Tipperary Brigade">3rd Tipperary Brigade</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Treacy" title="Seán Treacy">Seán Treacy</a> a month before, was on the list. (Treacy had been killed by G men as he tried to shoot his way out of a trap on 14 October, a week before the day of the Cairo Gang assassinations.)
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</p><p>When the IRA came calling for Murray, he had moved to an apartment across the street. He heard the gunfire at his former lodging and fired his revolver at an IRA sentry outside. The sentry was hit and took cover inside the house. The Volunteers moved on.
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</p><p>Several IRA men carried sledgehammers with them the morning of 21 November, because they expected to encounter bolted doors. They did not find any, but T. Ryle Dwyer claims that they used them to smash the skulls and faces of some of the officers they had shot.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Two members of the Auxiliary Cadet Division, Temporary Cadets Frank Garniss, aged 34,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> and Cecil Augustus Morris, aged 24,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> were among a patrol of Auxiliaries who responded to the scene of one of the attacks, armed with .45 calibre <a href="/wiki/Webley_revolver" class="mw-redirect" title="Webley revolver">Webley revolvers</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">carbine</a>. Garniss and Morris were shot and killed as they sought to cordon off the rear of one of the scenes of assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
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</p><p>A listing in <i>The Times</i> of killed and wounded notes that, in addition to Caldow, Captain Brian Keenlyside, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Montgomery_(British_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Montgomery (British officer)">Colonel Hugh Montgomery</a>, Major (Wilfrid) Woodcock, and Lieutenant Randolph Murray were wounded, but not killed. On 10 December 1920, Montgomery died of the wounds he received on Bloody Sunday.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Fatalities">Fatalities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Gang&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fatalities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>Nineteen men were shot. Fourteen were killed on 21 November and Montgomery died later, making fifteen in all. Five were wounded (including King's mistress). Ames, Angliss, Baggallay, Bennet, Dowling, Fitzgerald, McCormack, MacLean, Montgomery, Newberry, Price, Wilde, Smith, Morris and Garniss were killed. Keenlyside, Woodcock, Murray and Caldow were wounded. Peel and others escaped. The dead included members of the "Cairo Gang", British Army <a href="/wiki/Courts-Martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts-Martial">Courts-Martial</a> officers, the two Auxiliaries and a civilian informant.
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Aftermath">Aftermath</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Gang&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>Of the IRA men involved, only <a href="/wiki/Frank_Teeling" title="Frank Teeling">Frank Teeling</a> was captured during the operation. He was court-martialled and sentenced to hang, but escaped from <a href="/wiki/Kilmainham_Gaol" title="Kilmainham Gaol">Kilmainham Gaol</a> before the sentence could be carried out, although he was later tried for shooting a member of the National Army, and convicted for killing a man for bringing a bag of tomatoes into the bar at the Theatre Royal, Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Moran_(Irish_republican)" title="Patrick Moran (Irish republican)">Patrick Moran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Whelan" title="Thomas Whelan">Thomas Whelan</a> were arrested later and, despite their protestations of innocence, and 19 false witnesses attesting to alibis,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> were convicted. and hanged for murder on 14 March 1921.
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</p><p>The remaining Cairo Gang members, along with many other spies, fled to either <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a> or England, fearing they were next on the IRA's hit list. Another member committed suicide in Dublin Castle. The deaths and flights dealt a severe blow to British intelligence gathering in Ireland.
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Igoe_Gang">The Igoe Gang</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Gang&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Igoe Gang">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>Eventually another group of intelligence operatives, known officially as the Identification Branch of the Combined Intelligence Service (CIS), took the fight to the IRA. The group was known informally as The Igoe Gang, named after its leader <a href="/wiki/Head_Constable" class="mw-redirect" title="Head Constable">Head Constable</a> Eugene Igoe, who was from <a href="/wiki/County_Mayo" title="County Mayo">County Mayo</a>. Igoe reported to Colonel Ormonde Winter.
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</p><p>The Igoe Gang consisted of RIC personnel drawn from different parts of Ireland who patrolled the streets of Dublin in plain clothes, looking for wanted men.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> The Igoe Gang posed a serious threat to Collins' apparatus and even caught a Volunteer whom Collins had brought to Dublin to identify Igoe.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> The Gang was never penetrated by the IRA. Igoe later conducted secret service operations for Special Branch over many years in other countries, but never returned to his farm in Mayo out of fear of reprisal. Brigadier General Winter appeared on Igoe's behalf to obtain an increase in his pension in view of his many services to the Crown in Ireland and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Gang&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/F._Digby_Hardy" title="F. Digby Hardy">F. Digby Hardy</a></li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Gang&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
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<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFCoogan1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pat_Coogan" title="Tim Pat Coogan">Coogan, Tim Pat</a> (1991). <i>Michael Collins</i>. London: Arrow Books. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-968580-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-968580-9"><bdi>0-09-968580-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+Collins&rft.place=London&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Arrow+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-09-968580-9&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Tim+Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo+Gang" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</li>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Imperial War Museum, General Hugh Jeudwine Papers, <i>A Record of the Rebellion in Ireland, 1919–1921 and of the part played by the Army in it</i>. Volume II<b></b></span>
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</li>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caroline Woodcock, <i>Experiences of an Officer's Wife in Ireland</i>(London and Edinburgh: Blackwood and Sons, 1921).</span>
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</li>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Townsend, <i>The British Campaign in Ireland 1919–1921</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975)</span>
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</li>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Irish War of Independence</i> by Michael Hopkinson (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0717137411" title="Special:BookSources/978-0717137411">978-0717137411</a>), page 91</span>
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||
</li>
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||
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/75227761">"Casualty Details: Charles Milne Cholmeley Dowling"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. 21 November 1920<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casualty+Details%3A+Charles+Milne+Cholmeley+Dowling&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft.date=1920-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-war-dead%2Fcasualty%2F75227761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo+Gang" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</li>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2758778/PRICE,%20L">"Casualty Details: L Price"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. 21 November 1920<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casualty+Details%3A+L+Price&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft.date=1920-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-war-dead%2Fcasualty%2F2758778%2FPRICE%2C%2520L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo+Gang" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</li>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/900302">"Casualty Details: Donald Lewis MacLean"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. 21 November 1920<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casualty+Details%3A+Donald+Lewis+MacLean&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft.date=1920-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-war-dead%2Fcasualty%2F900302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo+Gang" class="Z3988"></span></span>
|
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</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/387908">"Casualty Details: William Frederick Newberry"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. 21 November 1920<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casualty+Details%3A+William+Frederick+Newberry&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft.date=1920-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-war-dead%2Fcasualty%2F387908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo+Gang" class="Z3988"></span></span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2905996">"Casualty Details: Peter Ashmun Ames"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. 21 November 1920<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casualty+Details%3A+Peter+Ashmun+Ames&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft.date=1920-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-war-dead%2Fcasualty%2F2905996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo+Gang" class="Z3988"></span></span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2906000">"Casualty Details: G Bennett"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. 21 November 1920<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casualty+Details%3A+G+Bennett&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft.date=1920-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-war-dead%2Fcasualty%2F2906000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo+Gang" class="Z3988"></span></span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-Royal_Irish_Constabulary_Roll-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Irish_Constabulary_Roll_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.policememorial.org.uk/Forces/IRELAND/RIC_Roll.htm">"National Police Officers Roll of Honour: Royal Irish Constabulary 1867–1922"</a>. Police Roll of Honour Trust. 6 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Police+Officers+Roll+of+Honour%3A+Royal+Irish+Constabulary+1867%E2%80%931922&rft.pub=Police+Roll+of+Honour+Trust&rft.date=2009-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.policememorial.org.uk%2FForces%2FIRELAND%2FRIC_Roll.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo+Gang" class="Z3988"></span></span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/381009">"Casualty Details: Henry James Angliss"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. 21 November 1920<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casualty+Details%3A+Henry+James+Angliss&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft.date=1920-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-war-dead%2Fcasualty%2F381009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo+Gang" class="Z3988"></span></span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/75228122">Casualty Details: Baggallay, Geoffrey Thomas</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. 1920-11-21. Retrieved 2009-12-29.</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, 23 November 1920</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloodysunday.co.uk/murdered-men/wilde.html">Leonard Wilde accessed June 11,2019</a></span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloodysunday.co.uk/murdered-men/mccormack.html">"Capt Patrick McCormack"</a>. <i>Cairogang.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cairogang.com&rft.atitle=Capt+Patrick+McCormack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloodysunday.co.uk%2Fmurdered-men%2Fmccormack.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo+Gang" class="Z3988"></span></span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, <i>Murdered Officers' Last Journey</i> 25 November 1920</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Pat Coogan, <i>Michael Collins: The Man Who Made Ireland</i>, p.160</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd Andrews, <i>Dublin Made Me</i>, Mercier Press, 1979, p. 153</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T Ryle Dwyer, <i>The Squad and the Intelligence Operations of Michael Collins</i> (Cork: Mercier, 2005).</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theauxiliaries.com/men-alphabetical/men-g/garniss/garniss.html">Cadet Garniss</a></span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theauxiliaries.com/men-alphabetical/men-m/morris-ca/morris.html">Cadet Morris</a></span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Mackay, <i>Michael Collins, A Life</i> (Edinburgh and London: Mainstream Publishers, 1996).</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Hopkinson, <i>The Irish War of Independence</i> (Montreal: McGill Queens University Press, 2002)</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/75200175">"Casualty Details: Hugh Ferguson Montgomery"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. 10 December 1920<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casualty+Details%3A+Hugh+Ferguson+Montgomery&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft.date=1920-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-war-dead%2Fcasualty%2F75200175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo+Gang" class="Z3988"></span></span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1923/03/29/archives/strange-shooting-in-dublin-theatre-coroner-finds-lieut-teeling-free.html">"STRANGE SHOOTING IN DUBLIN THEATRE; Coroner Finds Lieut. Teeling, Free State Officer, Killed Civic Guard in Self Defense. (Published 1923)"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 29 March 1923. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=STRANGE+SHOOTING+IN+DUBLIN+THEATRE%3B+Coroner+Finds+Lieut.+Teeling%2C+Free+State+Officer%2C+Killed+Civic+Guard+in+Self+Defense.+%28Published+1923%29&rft.date=1923-03-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1923%2F03%2F29%2Farchives%2Fstrange-shooting-in-dublin-theatre-coroner-finds-lieut-teeling-free.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo+Gang" class="Z3988"></span></span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1921-03-01/debates/55c989af-5bd0-4892-affb-bd3f09c5a55a/Court-Martial(PatrickMoran)">"Court-Martial (Patrick Moran) - Hansard"</a>. <i>hansard.parliament.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hansard.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=Court-Martial+%28Patrick+Moran%29+-+Hansard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhansard.parliament.uk%2FCommons%2F1921-03-01%2Fdebates%2F55c989af-5bd0-4892-affb-bd3f09c5a55a%2FCourt-Martial%28PatrickMoran%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo+Gang" class="Z3988"></span></span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Pat Coogan, <i>Michael Collins: The Man Who Made Ireland</i>.</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Henry [2012] Blood For Blood: The Black and Tan War in Galway. Mercier Press, Cork p.178–181</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ormonde Winter, <i>A Report of the Intelligence Branch of the Chief Police Commissioner</i> 1921, Public Record Office (PRO).</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol></div></div>
|
||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Gang&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||
<ul><li>Todd Andrews, <i>Dublin Made Me</i>, Mercier Press, 1979, p. 153</li>
|
||
<li>Yigal Sheffy, <i>British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign, 1914–1918</i> (Cass Series – Studies in Intelligence, 1998).</li>
|
||
<li>Michael Smith, <i>The Spying Game</i> (Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1996).</li></ul>
|
||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Gang&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairogang.com/index.html">Cairo gang</a></li></ul>
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